Introduction of macOS's man

2024-01-01
#Unix #FreeBSD #Unix

0. 引言

macOS’s man (i.e., manual) is based on FreeBSD, which is divided into 9 sections:

  1. General user commands
  2. System calls and error numbers
  3. C programming libraries
  4. Devices and device drivers
  5. File formats
  6. Game instructions
  7. Miscellaneous information
  8. System maintenance commands
  9. Kernel interfaces

1. General user commands

Command: man 1 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to general commands (tools and utilities)

DESCRIPTION
     Section one of the manual contains most of the commands which comprise the BSD user
     environment.  Some of the commands included in section one are text editors, command
     shell interpreters, searching and sorting tools, file manipulation commands system
     status commands, remote file copy commands, mail commands, compilers and compiler
     tools, formatted output tools, and line printer commands.

     All commands set a status value upon exit which may be tested to see if the command
     completed normally.  The exit values and their meanings are explained in the
     individual manuals.  Traditionally, the value 0 signifies successful completion of
     the command.

SEE ALSO
     man(1), intro(2), intro(4), intro(8),

     Tutorials in the UNIX User's Manual Supplementary Documents.

HISTORY
     A intro manual appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.

macOS 13.5
December 30, 1993

2. System calls and error numbers

Command: man 2 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to system calls and error numbers

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/errno.h>

DESCRIPTION
     This section provides an overview of the system calls, their error returns, and other
     common definitions and concepts.

HISTORY
     An intro manual page appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.

BSD 4
March 18, 2015

3. C programming libraries

Command: man 3 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to the C libraries

DESCRIPTION
     This section provides an overview of the C library functions, their error returns and
     other common definitions and concepts.  Most of these functions are available from
     the System library, libSystem.  Other libraries must be indicated at compile time
     with the -l option of the compiler.

HISTORY
     An intro manual appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.

macOS 13.5
August 17, 2006

4. Devices and device drivers

Command: man 4 intro

Display: No manual entry for intro

5. File formats

Command: man 5 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to file formats

DESCRIPTION
     This section contains information about file formats.

HISTORY
     The intro section manual page appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.

macOS 13.5
February 16, 1997

6. Game instructions

Command: man 6 intro

Display: No manual entry for intro

7. Miscellaneous information

Command: man 7 intro

NAME
     intro – miscellaneous information pages

DESCRIPTION
     This section contains miscellaneous documentation.

HISTORY
     The intro section manual page appeared in 4.2BSD.

macOS 13.5
June 5, 1993

8. System maintenance commands

Command: man 8 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to system maintenance procedures and commands

DESCRIPTION
     This section contains information related to system operation and maintenance.

     It describes commands used to create new file systems (newfs(8)), verify the
     integrity of the file systems (fsck(8)), control disk usage (edquota(8)), maintain
     system backups (dump(8)), and recover files when disks die an untimely death
     (restore(8)).  Network related services like ftpd(8) are also described.

     All commands set an exit status.  Its value may be tested to see if the command
     completed normally.  Unless otherwise noted (rare), the value 0 signifies successful
     completion of the command, while a value >0 indicates an error.  Some commands
     attempt to describe the nature of the failure by using error codes defined in
     sysexits(3), or set the status to arbitrary values >0 (typically 1), but many such
     values are not described in the manual.

HISTORY
     The intro section manual page appeared in 4.2BSD.

macOS 13.5
October 22, 2006

9. Kernel interfaces

Command: man 9 intro

NAME
     intro – introduction to system kernel interfaces

DESCRIPTION
     This section contains information about the interfaces and subroutines in the kernel.

HISTORY
     The intro section manual page appeared in FreeBSD 2.2.

macOS 13.5
December 13, 1995